Deciding to Licence or Assign When Selling a Patent

Choosing to License or Assign When Selling a Patent After youve carried your new plan to full realization, youve designed it; and after youve gotten your licensed innovation security, youve protected it. Like most autonomous creators, the following job that needs to be done will popularize your item, you bring in cash from it. On the off chance that the accompanying conditions concern you: You have chosen for an assortment of reasons that you shouldnt be the one to make, advertise, and disperse your creation yourself, you concocted a superior mousetrap yet you dont need to go into the mousetrap business.You were/are not a representative and your development was/isn't naturally appointed to your boss as indicated in your agreement. There are two normal approaches to benefit from your patent: authorizing and task. Lets investigate the contrasts between the two and assist you with choosing which way is better for you. The Licensing Route Permitting includes a legitimate composed agreement where you the proprietor of the patent are the licensor, who awards rights to your patent to a licensee, the individual that needs to permit your patent. Those rights can include: the option to utilize your development, or duplicate and sell your innovation. While permitting you can likewise compose execution commitments into the agreement, for instance, you dont need your creation to simply sit on the rack so you can incorporate a condition that your development must be brought to showcase inside a specific measure of time. Authorizing can be a select or non-restrictive agreement. You can decide to what extent the authorizing agreement will be as a result. Authorizing is revocable by a penetrate of agreement, by preset time limits, or by an inability to meet execution commitments. The Assignment Route Task is the unavoidable and lasting deal and move of responsibility for patent by the assignor (that is you) to the appointee. Task implies that you will no longer ever reserve any privileges to your patent. Commonly its a one-time singular amount all out offer of your patent. How The Money Rolls In - Royalties, Lump Sum With authorizing your agreement can specify a one-time installment or/and that you get eminences from the licensee. These eminences normally last up until your patent lapses, that could be twenty years that you get a little level of the benefits from every item that is sold. The normal sovereignty is about 3% of the discount cost of the item, and that rate can generally go from 2% to 10%, and in uncommon cases up to 25%. It truly relies upon what sort of creation you have made, for instance; a splendid bit of programming for an application with a predictable market can without much of a stretch order twofold digit eminences. Then again, the designer of the flip-top beverage can is perhaps the most extravagant innovator on the planet, whose eminence rate was just a minuscule rate. With assignments you can likewise get sovereignties, nonetheless, single amount installments are significantly more typical (and greater) with assignments. It ought to be brought up that in light of the fact that authorizing is revocable when somebody doesnt pay you your eminences that is a break of agreement, and you can drop the agreement and remove their privileges to utilize your creation. You would not have a similar load with assignments since they are unalterable. So by and large, it is smarter to go the authorizing course when eminences are included. So which is better, sovereignties or a singular amount? Well think about the accompanying: how ​novel is your development, what amount of rivalry does your creation have and how likely is it that a comparable item will hit the market? Could there be a specialized or administrative disappointment? How fruitful is the licensee? In the event that there are no business, 10% of nothing will be nothing. All the dangers (and advantages) associated with sovereignties are stayed away from with a single amount installment, and with assignments, that singular amount installment you get, you never need to discount. In any case, exchanges for a singular amount installment do recognize the way that the purchaser is paying increasingly forthright in light of the fact that they are expecting more dangers to pick up themselves a more prominent benefit over the long haul. Settling on Assignment or Licensing Eminences ought to be the fundamental thought when settling on authorizing or task. On the off chance that you decide to get eminences, pick authorizing. In the event that you need the capital that the best singular amount installment will bring you pick task. It is safe to say that you are under water from your creation venture? Would the cash advance different activities and eradicate your obligations? Or on the other hand is your creation prepared for commercialization, prepared to make and sell, and you have established that deals would be acceptable and that you need eminences, at that point authorizing is most likely the better decision for you.

Water Scarcity Essay Example for Free

Water Scarcity Essay Water is fundamental since water can keep up the procedure of eco-framework, supplies the farming and human can't live without water. Be that as it may, there is the expanding number of water issues are showing up in the advanced world and issues will in general be not kidding, particularly the gracefully of water. In spite of the fact that water shortage is an issue which should be comprehended rapidly in any case, water shortage isn't anything but difficult to be diminished and when the venture fizzled, it might mess more up can exacerbate issues than previously. There are more than 43 nations are experiencing water shortage roughly (United Nations). It might cause various water-related issues: starvation, water security, and neediness. As indicated by a report which was distributed from the IWMI (Barker, R et al 2000) has brought up the water shortage is developing. Meanwhile, inquire about additionally discovered the some neediness zones for the most part has the issue of water shortage, particularly Africa (Barker, R et al 2000). In this way, take care of the water shortage issue ought to be the need for some dry spell nations all around the globe. For example, The United Nations is running an arrangement called The â€Å"WATER FOR LIFE DECADE†; the point of this arrangement is to help a few spots where absence of water to confront the difficulties of water shortage (FAO 2006). The program is isolated various levels: International Level, National Level and Local Level. Simultaneously, officials for this methodology give advices neighborhood government or national foundations the for water-the board strategy making, direction of procedures (FAO 2006). Another technique to decrease water shortage is the national government makes a national arrangement to restrict the utilization of water. At the point when inhabitants arrive at the confinement, the legislature can give an admonition letter to them and make them pay fine. In spite of the fact that there are a few strategies may decrease water shortage, a few spots may experience issues to run those techniques. Right off the bat, the administration needs to spend an enormous number of cash on water the executives, it is a major expense for certain nations where don't have money related help. For example, Nicaragua is probably the most unfortunate nation in South America; the joblessness rate has arrived at 12 percent and almost 50% of individuals are living in provincial territories. Along these lines, the undertaking may confront money related issues in poor nations. Nonetheless, those individuals truly need to figure out how to out (Rural Poverty Portal 1993). Another trouble to diminish water shortage is strategy issue. It is generally perceived that water the board venture actually needs authorities as a manual for make the undertaking has been prepared effectively. Henceforth, despite the fact that the administration has enough budgetary help to process the water the executives program, they don't have proficient to control them, the program would be disappointment. For instance, as indicated by a writing from SIWI (Falkenmark, M et al. 2007), this report referenced the improvement of adapting to water shortage, the laborers as a manual for give reasonable proposals to nearby power and urge ranchers to utilize the cultivating innovation (Falkenmark, M et al. 2007). As can be seen that master is a key to succeed the program. As respects to the outcomes of water the board ventures disappointment, the most evident one is misuse of cash. As indicated by news from ABC Environment Blog, there was an arrangement for Murray River in South Australia called the Murray-Darling Plan. This arrangement was set in Water ACT 2007, and cost more than millions dollars and 300 officials. In any case, the arrangement may not on a par with expect: individuals appear don't care for the Murray-Darling arrangement, even the researchers and ranchers (Phillips, S 2012). It very well may be seen from this report; the consequence of the Murray-Darling arrangement isn't just as is commonly said. Be that as it may, the supervisor even anticipated it might bother deforestation. Thusly, this occasion causes contentions about the Murray-Darling arrangement. Simultaneously, it might cause contamination squander from certain offices for natural administration. The principle reason is that when laborers abuse some synthetic reagents to the water, it can cause the water contamination and water eutrophication. Another model is the Indian government cost more than Rs 300 thousands crore to assemble dams over significant waterways in 1950s. Be that as it may, it doesn't work, the stream dry spell and countless cash have been squandered (Chauhan, C 2013).

From Undergrad to New Grad How to Start a Nest Egg - OppLoans

From Undergrad to New Grad How to Start a Nest Egg - OppLoans From Undergrad to New Grad: How to Start a Nest Egg From Undergrad to New Grad: How to Start a Nest EggThis is a two-step process. Step on is to set aside money regularly. Step two is to find places in your life where you can cut back or save money on interest.The exams and final papers are finally behind you and you’ve thrown (and hopefully found) your mortarboard. So now what? The real world and student loans? Absolutely. But there is a skill you should hone not long after graduating that will help you for years to come.Saving.It seems like a no-brainer, but when you’re cooped up in a dorm surviving on microwaveable meals and coffee, it doesn’t always come as a natural next step. Whether you’ve been raised to pinch pennies or spend like there’s no tomorrow, there is never a bad time to start your nest egg. Your future self will thank you. Where to begin.When you’re fresh out of college you might not be making a great salary, so it could be hard to part with those extra dollars every month that you’ll be stowing away. B ut you have to start somewhere. It doesn’t take stashing a fortune to build up your savings.Financial expert John Schmoll, (@FrugalRules), suggests automating your savings to ensure that you’re putting something away constantly. Once it’s automated you don’t even have to think about the money you’re parting with.“This act of paying yourself first is the best way to grow your wealth and is best done in two ways, he said. Automating a certain amount to go into a savings account after each pay period. It doesnt matter if its a small amount. Even $20 per month will make a difference and is a great way to develop the discipline of saving.”And although your career is just beginning, it’s never too early to plan for retirement. When you start a new job be sure to ask your new employer about their 401(k) plan. Schmoll says this is the second way you can essentially pay yourself, especially if your company automatically contributes to your plan through your paycheck.Schmoll a dded that if your company offers a 401(k) match for contributing you’ll basically be earning free money just for putting funds towards your retirement.Mark Kantrowitz (@Mkant) is the publisher of SavingForCollege.com  (@saving4college). He agrees with Schmoll’s 401(k) advice and advises everyone to maximize their 401(k) contributions if a company is willing to match.He also suggests that new grads consider building an emergency fund that equals at least half a year’s salary.“This is enough to cover your expenses during an unemployment spell if you were to lose your job,” Kantrowitz said. “It also provides money for unanticipated emergencies, such as hospitalizations and car repairs.”Having money set aside to cover unexpected expenses is an important part of maintaining your financial stability. Otherwise, you could end up relying on no credit check loans and short-term bad credit loans like payday loans, title loans, and cash advances to bridge financial gaps. (Trust u s, thats not what you want.)Tips to save in the long run.Kantrowitz not only advised grads to squirrel away money whenever they can but, he also suggested that they search out other opportunities to save money. For one thing, new grads should try to tackle student loan payments based on the loans with the highest interest rates whenever they can, says Kantrowitz.“There are no prepayment penalties on student loans, and accelerating repayment of the highest-rate loan will save you the most money,” he said. “Be sure to include a letter with the extra payment to specify which loan (give the loan id number) and that it should be treated as an extra payment and not an early payment of the next installment.”Kantrowitz suggests signing up for “auto-debit” where the monthly loan payment is automatically transferred to your lender. You’re less likely to miss a payment and many lenders will give you a .25 percent or .50 percent point reduction in interest rates as an incentive to sign up.And when tax season rolls around don’t forget to claim any student loan interest you’ve paid in the last year.“Theres a pernicious rumor floating around that the deduction was canceled by the tax act, but it was not repealed and still exists,” Kantrowitz said. “The deduction is an above-the-line exclusion from income for up to $2,500 in interest paid on federal and private student loans. You can claim it even if you choose the standard deduction.”As you head into the “real world” you may still be reminiscing fondly of your bygone college days. Even if starting a family is not even on the horizon yet for your life path, if you’re planning to have one eventually be sure to remember how special college was for you and how intimidating paying for it can be.Kantrowitz’s last piece of advice, if or when you decide to start a family, is to open a 529 college savings plan before your child is even born. You can start out as the account owner and change it over t o your child once they’re born.Short term or long term savings are great opportunities to make the most of your money, especially when you’re just starting out and income is tight. Take advantage of money maximizing options that will serve you for years to come. Even if you’re only able to put away a few dollars a day or week it’s a little more money that can serve you in a time when you might really need it.To learn more about saving money and building your nest egg, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Save More Money with These 40 Expert TipsBuilding Your Financial Life: Budgeting for Beginners10 Good Money Habits to Make Your Friends JealousFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your MoneyDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN  |  InstagramContributorsMark Kantrowitz  (@Mkant) is Publisher and VP of Research for  SavingForCollege.com  (@saving4college), the most popular guide to saving for college and 529 plans. Mark is an expert on student financial aid, scholarships and student loans. He has been quoted in more than 10,000 newspaper and magazine articles about college admissions and financial aid. Mark has written for the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Reuters, U.S. News World Report, Money Magazine, Newsweek and Time. Mark is the author of four bestselling books about scholarships and financial aid and holds seven patents. Mark serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Student Financial Aid, the editorial advisory board of Bottom Line/Personal, and is a member of the board of trustees of the Center for Excellence in Education. He previously served as a member of the board of directors of the National Scholarship Providers Association. Mark has two Bachelors degrees in mathematics and philosophy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and a Masters degree in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU).John Schmoll,  MBA (@FrugalRules), is a former stockbroker, mutual fund administrator, and veteran of the financial services industry. His interest in investing and passion for financial literacy led him to leave his career with a well-known brokerage house to grow an advertising business with his wife and start a personal finance site, Frugal Rules, in 2012. Today he manages Frugal Rules and helps readers manage their money better. His work has been featured in Forbes, Fortune, U.S. News World Report, Yahoo! Finance, CNBC and more.

The Abolitionists, Who They Were And How They Became Influential

The term abolitionist generally refers to a dedicated opponent to slavery in the early 19th century America. The abolitionist movement developed slowly in the early 1800s. A movement to abolish slavery gained political acceptance in Britain in the late 1700s. The British abolitionists, led by William Wilberforce in the early 19th century, campaigned against Britains role in the slave trade and sought to outlaw slavery in British colonies. At the same time, Quaker groups in America began working in earnest to abolish slavery in the United States. The first organized group formed to end slavery in America began in Philadelphia in 1775, and the city was a hotbed of abolitionist sentiment in the 1790s, when it was the capital of the United States. Though slavery was successively outlawed in the northern states in the early 1800s, the institution of slavery was firmly entrenched in the South. And agitation against slavery came to be regarded as a major source of discord between regions of the country. In the 1820s anti-slavery factions began spreading from New York and Pennsylvania to Ohio, and the early beginnings of the abolitionist movement began to be felt. At first, the opponents to slavery were considered far outside the mainstream of political thought and abolitionists had little real impact on American life. In the 1830s the movement gathered some momentum. William Lloyd Garrison began publishing The Liberator in Boston, and it became  the most prominent abolitionist newspaper. A pair of wealthy businessmen in New York City, the Tappan brothers, began to finance abolitionist activities. In 1835 the American Anti-Slavery Society began a campaign, funded by the Tappans, to send anti-slavery pamphlets into the South. The pamphlet campaign led to enormous controversy, which included bonfires of seized abolitionist literature being burned in the streets of Charleston, South Carolina. The pamphlet campaign was seen to be impractical. Resistance to the pamphlets galvanized the South against any anti-slavery sentiment, and it made abolitionists in the North realize that it would not be safe to campaign against slavery on southern soil. The northern abolitionists tried other strategies, most prominently the petitioning of Congress. Former president John Quincy Adams, serving in his post-presidency as a Massachusetts congressman, became a prominent anti-slavery voice on Capitol Hill. Under right of petition in the U.S. Constitution, anyone, including slaves, could send petitions to Congress. Adams led a movement to introduce petitions seeking the freedom of slaves, and it so inflamed members of the House of Representatives from the slave states that discussion of slavery was banned in the House chamber. For eight years one of the main battles against slavery took place on Capitol Hill, as Adams battled against what came to be known as the gag rule. In the 1840s a former slave, Frederick Douglass, took to the lecture halls and spoke about his life as a slave. Douglass became a very forceful anti-slavery advocate, and even spent time speaking out against American slavery in Britain and Ireland. By the late 1840s the Whig Party was splitting over the issue of slavery. And disputes which arose when the U.S. acquired enormous territory at the end of the Mexican War brought up the issue of which new states and territories would be slave or free. The Free Soil Party arose to speak out against slavery, and while it didnt became a major political force, it did put the issue of slavery into the mainstream of American politics. Perhaps what brought the abolitionist movement to the forefront more than anything else was a very popular novel, Uncle Toms Cabin. Its author, Harriet Beecher Stowe, a committed abolitionist, was able to craft a tale with sympathetic characters who were either slaves or touched by the evil of slavery. Families would often read the book aloud in their living rooms, and the novel did much to pass abolitionist thought into American homes. Prominent abolitionists included: William Lloyd GarrisonFrederick DouglassAngelina Grimkà ©Wendell PhillipsJohn BrownHarriet TubmanHarriet Beecher Stowe The term, of course, comes from the word abolish, and particularly refers to those who wanted to abolish slavery. The Underground Railroad, the loose network of people who assisted escaped slaves to freedom in the northern United States or Canada, could be considered part of the abolitionist movement.

My Instruction For Learning For The Whole Class And...

a. Your method for analyzing your instruction I analyzed my instruction by reflecting after I was done teaching and during my teaching. As a teacher, you just know or feel while you are teaching when it’s not turning out the way you want it to. It also becomes apparent through observation if students are not grasping the content, then I know something has to be done differently. I also look at my student’s independent work, reviews, and tests. If most of my class does not understand, than it means the problem could have been my instruction. If only a few are struggling, they may need reinforcement in those skills. For this course, I was fortunate enough to have my co-operating teacher in the room, so I would ask her to tell me what she thought went well and what needed improvement. b. How did your instruction support learning for the whole class and students who need greater support or challenge? I tried to incorporate various strategies to make instruction as efficient as I could. I modeled my thought process. We created a list with activities that each kid in the class could choose from. I modeled what to write on the graphic organized. Used an organizer to help their thinking process. Modeled how to write sentences with introduction, two reasons, and conclusion. Provided a template to those students who were struggling or did not feel confident writing on their own, but they filled it in with their own ideas. For those students who wanted to be challenged, I allowedShow MoreRelatedSpecial Education : Questions And Answers And Teachings976 Words   |  4 Pagesleveled small group instruction, classroom aide, bilingual, team taught with a special education teacher) that will affect your teaching in this learning segment. [My placement school is a K-5 public school with approximately 551 students. The racial breakdown is 58% African American, 25% White, and 13% Hispanic. Free and reduced lunch is 72%. The only teacher in the room is the general education teacher who covers the majority of the curriculum. There are whole and small group instruction periods duringRead MoreAnalyzing The Video Clip ( S ) Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesPromoting a Positive Learning Environment Refer to scenes in the video clip(s) where you provided a safe, respectful, and organized learning environment. a. Describe how you provided a positive, low-risk emotionally and physically safe environment. [ I promote a positive, low-risk and emotionally and physically safe environment in many ways. The students know the classroom daily expectations, the schools rules, and my personal rules that I have added sense teaching their class, which in some waysRead MoreAcademic Performance Levels Of Students1708 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat gains in academic performance levels of the students in relation to where students were prior to instruction. Students have developed a deeper comprehension of rhyming words, phonemic awareness, counting, and much more. This nursery rhyme unit was very important because it integrated literacy and mathematics. Each lesson may have discussed a nursery rhyme, but it also pointed to different skills in literacy. Looking at each child, students have increased in their comprehension of lowercaseRead MoreSelf-Determination Theory in Action Essay682 Words   |  3 Pagestheory of motivation that allows students to be more autonomous with their learning and achieve greater challenges academically. There are several factors that influence a student’s ability to self-regulate their learning which leads to improved academic performance and overall well-being. Students need to be autonomous, competent, and feel as if they can relate to others. First of all, it is important for teachers to create a learning environment where students learn to be intrinsically motivatedRead MoreThe Educational Field For Various Reasons Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesTeachers especially must have desire and job satisfaction since the educational system, as a whole does not offer great monetary or societal achievement. According to Bandura (1997) a teacher who has a strong belief in her or his teacher efficacy, the degree to which teachers feel that their own efforts determine the success of students, is more likely to put forth a greater effort and support towards student achievement. Second, if the student’s feel neglected or not supported then they will be moreRead MoreCollaborative Teaching And Inclusive Education1495 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial education settings provide an exclusive service to students who are physically or mentally challenged. There are many creative, and innovative teaching approaches and techniques develope d these days to facilitate learners with special needs. Focusing to expand their learning outcomes I have decided to choose Collaborative Teaching and Inclusive Education as the most effective evidence-based strategy. As a matter of fact, the understandings and mastering of the strategies are crucial beforeRead MoreDemonstrate Your Understanding Of The Teacher’S Role In1635 Words   |  7 PagesDemonstrate your understanding of the teacher’s role in engaging children fully and actively in the learning process â€Å"Mankind owes to the child the best it has to give†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The opening words to the United Nations’ Declaration of the rights of the child) Teaching has been one of the oldest services to society in any culture. The base of any nation and culture is established by preparing the human resource, mostly through formal methods of education, which eventually lends towards nationRead MoreLearning Task 1 : Analyzing Childrens Learning1994 Words   |  8 Pagesto evaluate student performance (no more than 5 additional pages) to the end of this file. If you submit evidence of learning, a student work sample, or feedback as a video or audio clip and you or your focus students cannot be clearly heard, attach a transcription of the inaudible comments (no more than 2 additional pages) to the end of this file. These pages do not count toward your page total. 1. Analyzing Children’s Learning a. Identify the specific language and literacy learning objectives forRead MoreStarting The Lesson. The Next Section Of The Survey Is1523 Words   |  7 Pagessurvey is geared toward the communication and relationship between students and teachers. It also questions the classroom environment. One of the statements stated, â€Å"The climate of the class, evaluated from the pupils’ perspective, is seen as fair: pupils feel that it is okay to say ‘I do not know’ or ‘I need help’; there is a high level of trust and pupils believe that they are listened to; and pupils know that the purpose of the class is to learn and make progress† (Hattie 2012). The teachers all rankedRead MoreAfrican American Social Studies Teachers1587 Words   |  7 Pagesteachers’ racialized experiences as African Americans and how these experiences influence their use of culturally relevant pedagogy to teach their African American students. Overview Disparities exist in educational opportunities given to minority students Lack of relevant instruction that addresses cultural and social needs of minority students Social studies curriculum designed to promote Eurocentric ideologies and instructional strategies To add to the limited research on the experiences and pedagogies

Affirmative Action Is Important For Society - 1649 Words

Affirmative action Affirmative action is an attempt to address past discriminatory injustices which may be based on gender, race or ethnicity. Affirmative action may take the form of policies and programs which are mostly mandated by governments and designed to bring changes in organizations, companies and educational institutions. Affirmative action is a vital tool which provides qualified people with equal access to educational or professional opportunities that they would otherwise have been denied despite them having strong qualifications (Kranz, 2002) Affirmative action, therefore ensures that all people, especially the minority are given equal and fair consideration for employment and educational opportunities. Affirmative action is very important because it tries to avoid past discrimination as well as promote diversity in the society. The United States Supreme Court acknowledges that affirmative action is vital in every society. The court argues that to have legitimate leaders in society, it is necessary that talented and qualified individuals of every race and ethnicity be given equal and fair consideration (Goldstone,2011). It is sad that discrimination is still a problem in America and other parts of the world. In The U.S, women earn about 77 cents for every dollar men earn. Latinos earn 56 cents for every dollar a white earns and Africans earn about 75 cents of what a white person earn. Research shows that in 2002, the median household income for whites wasShow MoreRelatedThe Most Important Social Issue in America Today870 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle entitled Affirmative Action states that as representation of minorities and women became more and more necessary, a movement called affirmative action became an important issue. Affirmative action is not limited to the uplifting of certain genders and races, but it focuses on establishing standards of certain ethical codes. Affirmative action concentrates on a broad array of issues including equal opportunity, systematic exclusion, and diversity. Affirmative action thoroughly emphasizesRead MoreWhy We Still Need Affirmitive Action1493 Words   |  6 PagesWhy we still need affirmative action Because of the complex nature of the discussion on affirmative action and the controversies and the emotion surrounding it, it is imperative to first recap on the causes of race and inequality in the United States of America. The policies on affirmative action were proposed as a fractional remedy for the socio-economic impacts of past and present disadvantage faced by certain groups in the population, especially with regard to biases on gender and race. Such disadvantagesRead MoreArgumentation-Persuasion Essay Affirmative Action1494 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentation-Persuasion Essay Affirmative Action Ronald Spears 16 March 2012 Constitution Law Bonnie Ronson Wiregrass Tech. 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Undoubtedly, there is a reasonRead MoreAffirmative Action Is The Current Method For Combating Systematic Racism1602 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative action is the current method for combatting the systematic racism and general bigotry that has long plagued American society. It is a source of much debate, both from the legal and moral perspectives. When it comes to higher education, it has been the subject of serval Supreme court decisions and many philosophical papers. Affirmative action’s stance makes a statement about how American society intends to ha ndle its problems of bigotry; if it wants to ignore them, or if it wants to chooseRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma: Affirmative Action, Do We Still Need It?1706 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Dilemma: Affirmative Action, Do We Still Need It? An Ethical Dilemma: Affirmative Action, Do We Still Need It? Abstract This paper discusses the importance of affirmative action in today’s society and the ethical role it plays when Employers and Universities are considering entry to their respected places of establishment. The paper will conclude with what America will face in the future in terms of affirmative action. An Ethical Dilemma: Affirmative Action, Do We Still NeedRead MoreEssay Affirmative Action703 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Should a man be hired for his skills or for the color of his skin? Is racial diversity in the business world more important then the most qualified workers? Affirmative action has become an important topic in today’s society to better diversify the different races in America. Affirmative action is a set of public policies that were designed for the elimination of discrimination toward race, color, sex, etc. These policies are under attack today because of the unfairnessRead MoreSummary : Rough Draft And Affirmative Action Program1575 Words   |  7 PagesJarron Jones 4-11-15 Moral Problems Rough Draft Affirmative Action In 2003, the Supreme Court issued its ruling on a case challenging the University of Michigan’s undergraduate affirmative action program, ultimately declaring the scheme unconstitutional. The admission scheme was based generally on a 150 point scale system in which the Office of Admission assigned points based on a number of factors, including high school grades, standardized test scores, high school quality, alumni strength, andRead MoreAffirmative Action Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunities given the high frequency of affirmative action programs; they attempt to increase the representation of minorities on college campuses and in the office, regardless of virtue. Programs of affirmative action arouse controversy because some groups view affirmative action as a catalyst for reverse discrimination whilst other groups support affirmative action as a way to diversify society and compensate for past exclusions. Affirmative action describes the â€Å"positive steps taken to increaseRead Moreaffirmative action1695 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Abstract What is affirmative action? Affirmative action is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, esp. in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination. In the 1940s: President Roosevelt signed an order making discrimination illegal in defense contracting. 1954: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that separate but equal facilities on the basis of race were unconstitutionally discriminatory. The Act of 1964: Congress

White Fang Essay Example For Students

White Fang Essay Nicole White FangBy Jack London1. Survival of the FittestThis means that only the brightest and strongest will survive. From the beginning White Fang was strong. He was the only pup of his litter to survive. His strength and intelligence made him the feared dog in the Indian camp. While defending Judge Scott, White Fang takes three bullets but, amazingly, he is able to pull through the operation of removing the bullets. White Fang learns how to fight the other dogs, to obey new masters, learn to fight under the evil guidance of Beauty, and be loved by Weedon Scott. 2. RomanticismPart five of the book shows how love can tame natural behavior and instincts. White Fang learns to love Weedon Scott, which produces a desire in him to do anything that pleases Scott. This includes having Scotts children climb and play with him, learning to leave chickens alone, even though he enjoyed the taste. 3. NaturalismNaturalism in this book means that people and other creatures that become victims of their heredity and environment. White Fang is a victim to his heredity because he is one-fourth dog and three-fourths wolf, which causes him to be more aggressive, have more strength than other dogs, and be a better hunter. The environment played a big part because he grew up where a famine was occurring a great majority of the time, there was snow, it was cold, other dogs were abusive towards him, and his masters didnt make anything good for him (All except Scott) Quotes1. White Fang knew the law well: to oppress the weak and obey the strongThis means that there w as a set law that all the dogs and people basically knew. If there was a weak dog he should be killed basically. The strong to White Fang were Gray Beaver, and Beauty who would beat White Fang if he tried to run away, which he took as strength. 2. They were fire makers! They were gods!This is said because White Fang watches the men make a fire. He sees this as them making a life that is red and warm out of something dead and cold. To him this was godlike. 3. Food and fire, protection and companionship, were some of the things he received from the god. In return, he guarded the gods property, defended his body, worked for him, and obeyed him. This quote shows why White Fang acted friendly towards Gray Beaver. Gray Beaver gave him food, warmth, protected him, and gave him companionship. While White Fang guarded his property from other people who might want to steal it, defended Gray Beaver from harm, and obeyed him. 4. They were his environment, these men, and they were molding the clay of him into a more ferocious thing than had been intended by Nature. Nevertheless, Nature had given him plasticity. Where many another animal would have died or had its spirit broken, he adjusted himself and lived, and at no expense of the spirit.This quote means that the men that were raising White Fang were cruel in his upbringing. Instead of teaching him to be well tempered and kind, they taught him to be ferocious and attack man or beast. If White Fang was just like any other dog his spirit would have been broken or he would have died under the pressure. He had to adapt to the treatment and learned to live with it. 5. The Wild still lingered in him and the wolf in him merely slept.This quote tells how even though White Fang is acting like any other dog, and loves, he still has the wolf in him, which is out for blood. The wolf side to him just merely lies dormant until he awakens it to attack someone or something.

The Importance of Spaying and Neutering Pets an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

The Importance of Spaying and Neutering Pets by Expert writer-Eloquence | 21 Dec 2016 Each year, between 3 and 4 million dogs and cats are euthanized by animal shelters in the United States (U.S. Humane Society). In this essay the overwhelming majority of these animals are not injured or diseased, nor have they shown any type of aggressive behavior that would require them to be put down for safety reasons. Instead, these household pets are killed because their owners simply do not want to take care of them any more or because their owners are no longer in a position to have a pet (Peters). Need essay sample on "The Importance of Spaying and Neutering Pets" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Frequently Tell Us: How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment online? Essay writers suggest: Professionals Are Creating Successful College Custom Essays! About half of the unwanted dogs and cats that are dropped off at animal shelters are adopted by new owners. Those pets that do not find new homes within a reasonable amount of time are destroyed (U.S. Humane Society). These senseless and unnecessary deaths could be avoided if pet owners would just be responsible and have their dogs and cats neutered or spayed. Spaying and neutering is so important that state and local governments should require pet owners to show that their pets have been spayed or neutered before they can obtain a license for the animal. Although no one likes to think about the death of an animal, the unwanted pets that are euthanized are more fortunate than those who are simply abandoned by their owners and left to fend for themselves. When a family moves to a new home and leaves their dog or cat behind, or when someone simply drops off their pet in another neighborhood or out in the country somewhere, they are sentencing their pet to the same fate as that of a homeless person. These abandoned pets, who were totally dependent on their owners to care for them, must now find their own food and shelter if they are to survive. They also face the hazards that come along with their new homeless lifestyle, including fighting with other stray dogs and cats, traffic hazards, and disease. In addition to the physical trauma that comes along with being homeless, dogs and cats face the emotional distress of having been abandoned by someone whom they loved. Dogs are much more loyal than humans; in fact, it was because of the canine's loyalty that wolves and other wild canines were domesticated and turned into pets. Cats can be more aloof than dogs, but even the most independent cat still has feelings of loyalty and affection. There is no way to measure the psychological trauma that an animal may experience when he or she has been abandoned. Homeless dogs and cats also create problems in communities as they look for food in trashcans, defecate on lawns, and creating other problems. While cats tend to be loners, dogs are more social and will gather into packs, creating additional problems for neighborhoods. One of the problems that is created by unwanted animals that have not been spayed or neutered is the creation of more unwanted, homeless animals. An unspayed female dog and her offspring can produce 67,000 puppies in 6 years; an unspayed female cat can produce up to 420,000 kittens (Nash). Out of control animal populations are bad for animals and ultimately bad for humans. Colonies of feral cats and packs of dogs create health and safety hazards for people, especially for children and older people. Large groups of unwanted animals can destroy property and may even harm other animals. Some people choose not to have their pets spayed or neutered because they believe that the procedure will change their pet's personality, make the animal fat, or have some other negative side effect. In reality, these are excuses that are not based on fact. For example, an animals personality is influenced by many factors other than his or her sex drive, including genetics and environment. These factors will not change after the animal has been sterilized. The personality changes that are associated with having been spayed or neutered actually make the animal a better pet. Neutered male dogs and cats no longer have the tendency to roam in search of reproductive partners. Because they are not looking for sex, they are less likely to get into fights with other males. Female cats and dogs that have been spayed do not come into heat and do not attempt to find male partners. Spaying also eliminates the risk of health problems with the reproductive system, including ovarian cancers, cysts, and other complications. Animals of both sexes are more docile after they have been spayed or neutered. Other people argue that sterilization denies the animal the right to reproduce, as if the ability to have puppies or kittens is a basic animal right that needs to be protected. It is true that the forced sterilization of people would be unethical. Pets, however, fall into a different category. If it is unethical to have pets spayed or neutered because it is a violation of their natural right to reproduce, then by that same logic, it would be unethical to force a pet to stay in your home when he or she wants to roam the streets. For that matter, the entire ethics of pet ownership could be questioned, because it is illegal and unethical for one person to own another person. Animal rights are a serious issue. No animal should be abused, mistreated, or abandoned. Spaying and neutering protects these basic animal rights by ensuring that unwanted animals that would be abused or abandoned are not created and forced to face such a fate. It is more ethical to prevent pain and suffering before it begins than it is to end the pain only after the animal has suffered. Some pet owners argue that their female pets should be allowed to have at least one litter before being spayed. As was noted above, the offspring of even one unspayed cat can be responsible for literally thousands of kittens over the course of a lifetime. This "only one litter" argument is often coupled with the explanation that the pet owner wants his or her child to witness the miracle of birth and to experience having a new set of puppies or kittens in the house. There are several things wrong with this argument, not the least of which is the idea that animal reproduction should be used as a form of human entertainment. Pet owners who want only one litter so they can sell the puppies or kittens are also misguided. Puppies or kittens often go unsold, depending on the state of the economy, the pet preferences of people in the area, and other factors. The odds of a puppy or kitten getting a new owner are dramatically reduced as the animal gets older. These unwanted puppies and kittens must then be taken to the animal shelter where many of them will be destroyed. This sad process happens to purebred dogs and cats as well as to mixed breeds. Dog and cat breeding is best left to responsible breeders who know how to care for their animals and can ensure that their puppies and kittens will be sold, preferably before they are born. Spaying and neutering pets is in the best interest of animals, people, and communities. Part of being a responsible pet owner is to make decisions on behalf of your pet. A dog or cat cannot understand the consequences of an unplanned pregnancy and unwanted offspring. Dogs and cats cannot make an informed decision about whether to be sterilized. It is the responsibility of the pet owner to make that decision for their pet and to act in their pet's best interest. The problem of the overpopulation of dogs and cats does not only affect pet owners. This problem affects everyone who lives in an area where there is an overpopulation of animals. As noted above, loose dogs and cats cause property damage and pose a public health risk. Communities can encourage citizens who are pet owners to sterilize their pets by enforcing laws that require animals to be spayed or neutered when they are licensed. People who care about dogs and cats should want to do what is the best interest of the animals that they claim to love. The benefits of sterilizing animals far outweighs the cost of the procedure and the potential risks, which are very low. Animals should be spayed or neutered. Works Cited Nash, Holly. "Pet Population Control" PetEducation.com Online. 7 April 2008. Peters, Sharon. "Foreclosures slam doors on pets, too" USA Today 3 March 2008: Nation. Online. 7 April 2008. U.S. Humane Society. "HSUS Pet Overpopulation Estimates". 12 October 2006. Online. 6 April 2008. http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/pet_overpopulation_and_ownership_statistics/hsus_pet_overpopulation_estimates.html>

Wireless Elecricity Essays

Wireless Elecricity Essays Wireless Elecricity Essay Wireless Elecricity Essay Niharika Sharma Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, [emailprotected] com Varun Pachauri Electronics and Communication Engineering, [emailprotected] com Wireless Electricity Abstract- The present paper intends to link several disciplines in an attempt to describe the concept of wireless electricity. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, unaffordable, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver to make the system economical.Some common forms of wireless electricity transmission methods are Direct Induction followed by resonant magnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation  in the form of  microwaves  or  lasers. With this technology we can reduce power losses produced through wired lines. Different concepts and application of wireless power transmission are discussed in this paper. Introduction The definition of Wireless Pow er Transmission is: efficient transmission of electric power from one place to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance.Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865 mentions electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and the conclusion that light itself was just a wave. In 1886 H. Hertz performed an experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. . He produced an apparatus that generated and detected microwaves in the UHF region. Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Teslas Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could able to transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.In present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. The transmission of power without wires may be one idle alternative for electricity. Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Space Sol ar Power Satellite. History of Wireless Electricity In 1864, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. In 1884, John Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.In 1888, bolstered by Maxwells theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental prove of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and prove of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power. The Raytheon Company performed the first successful WPT experiment in 1963. In this experiment power was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. The Raytheon Company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. In 1975, Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile.This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless energy outside the laboratory. Rockwell International and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5. 87 GHz. Three kilowatts of energy was transmitted and 500 watts was received. In 1980s, Japanese scientists developed the MPT technologies and research. In 1983 and 1993, Matsumoto’s team carried out the first Microwave Power Transmission experiment in space. The rocket experiment was called Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction experiment i. . MINIX in 1983 (Fig. 1) and International Space Year – Microwave Energy Transmission in Space in 1993, respectively. They focused nonlinear interaction in between intense microwave and plasmas. In this experiment, they used cooker-type 800W-2. 47GHz magnetron for microwave transmitter. New wave-wave-particle interaction phenomenon was observed in this experiment. Plasma theory and computer experiments also supported the observations. Figure 1. MINIX Rocket experiment in 1983 Technologies for Wireless ElectricityThe modern ideas are dominated by microwa ve power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that power into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical energy. A microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: ? Electrical energy to microwave energy conversion ? Absorption antenna that collects the waves ? (Re)conversion to electrical energy Figure 2. Microwave transmitter and rectennaThe microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output energy. The output microwave energy ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2. 45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected energy. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna input impe dance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 wave guide sections with 8 slots per section.These 64 slots radiate the energy uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for energy of its high aperture efficiency (;gt;95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted energy and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Every row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode i. . impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the energy is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received energy. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with more than 90% e fficiency at 2. 45 GHz. Another possibility is to use highly efficient fibre lasers for wireless energy transmission where the possibilities are similar to microwaves concept but lasers emit energy at frequencies much higher than microwave.For several years NASA, ENTECH, and UAH have been working on various aspects of collection of the laser radiation and conversion to electrical energy for laser wireless energy transmission. Figure 3. Two optical forms of wireless antenna formed of search light beam-ionised atmospheric stream Applications of Wireless Electricity Wireless Power for Space Solar Satellites * The largest application for microwave power transmission is Space Solar Power satellites. In this application, solar energy is captured in space and converted into electricity.The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave energy will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilities of solar power satellites. Main problem is the high investment cost due to the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per kg of transported material. * Table. 1-Parameters for transmiting antenna for sps system * Figure. 4. Space Solar Power Satellite Power Supply for Rural AreasWireless power can be an option for power supply to rural areas. In 1993, a project presented about wireless power supply in Alaska. Because of limited infrastructure, numbers of small rural communities in Alaska must provide their own electricity. These systems can be expensive or just not available. At the moment, the small communities produce their own power with mostly diesel engines. These produce so noise and pollution. Also the required fuel has to be transported over long distances. This results in an electricity price in excess of $40/kWh.In Alaska cable connections through water is no alternative because of ice. With the help of WPT, the required power production of the communities can be combined. It can reduce noise, pollution and transportation of fuel. WPT may be capable of transmitting electrical power to Alaska’s remote villages. To investigate these possibilities, a project was conducted named Alaska21†. System used for the project consisted of a 2. 46 GHz phased array design. The distances should be bridged are between 1 and 15 miles. Figure. 5. Alaska’21 * V.Merits of Wireless Electricity An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for the costly and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would also reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical energy exists, yet there is no method for delivering energy. Africa is in need of energy to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sahara D esert.Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical energy necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve most of above problems. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Figure 6. An office using wireless electricity Demerits of Wireless Electricity A common criticism of the wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects.Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. One major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer. Conclusion The transmission of energy without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.Many researchers have established in numerous observations and experiments qualitative and quantitative. It is clear that wireless power transmission systems in the range of 100 W to 100 kW to cannot compete with traditional systems just looking at the costs. At those places where economic competition is not the prime consideration, it can be an option. Microwave wireless energy transmission can supply energy to those places that are difficult to reach. Especially small communities in rural areas could be supplied with power using wireless power transmission.The problems of a possible lack of energy during the next fifty or hundred years could be solved by the Space Solar Power Station. The system would reduce the cost of electrical power used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. It has negligible drawbacks like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. References James O. McSpadden, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration†, Texas Aamp;M University, June, 1997. Elvina Finzi, Carlo Lombardi, and Leopold Summerer. A lunar IPWR: A pre-feasibility study. In IAC 2006, volume IAC-06- D2. 8. , Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2006. IAF. Thomas W. Benson, â€Å"Wireless transmission of power now possible†, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March, 1920. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), â€Å"System and method for wireless electrical power transmission†, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004. Joe T. Howell, et. al, â€Å"Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission†5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain, 2004. Nikola Tesla, â€Å"The true wireless†, Electrical Experiment, May, 1919. Toby Grotz,† Wireless transmission of power†, Courtesy o f the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.Cheney, Margaret (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning. Health and safety issues for microwave power transmission, John M. Osepchuk, Solar energy Vol. 56, 1996 The results of NASA Fresh look at the feasibility of Space Solar Power, John C. Mankins, 1997. Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electrical energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905. Sang, L. C. K. , A. Celeste, and J-D. L. S. Luk, â€Å"A Point-to-Point Terrestrial Wireless Power Transportation Using an Injection-Locked Magnetron Array†, Proc. of Millennium Conference on Antennas amp; Propagation, 2000, p. 87 Tahir, I. , A. Dexter, and R. Carter, â€Å"Phase Locked magnetrons by use of their pushing characteristics†, Proc. of Sixth International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005, pp. 65-68 Shinohara, N. , T. Mitani, and H. Matsumoto, â€Å"Development of Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetron†, Proc. of Sixth International Va cuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005,pp. 61-64 Shinohara, N. , H. Matsumoto, and K. Hashimoto, â€Å"Phase-Controlled Magnetron Developmentfor SPORTS : Space Power Radio Transmission System†, The Radio Science Bulletin, No. 310, Sep. 2004, pp. 9-35 Granatstein, V. L. , P. K. Parker, and C. M. Armstrong, â€Å"Scanning the Technology: Vacuum Electronics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, 1999, pp. 702–716 Heider, S. , â€Å"The Commercial Space TWTA Market Review and Trends†, Proc. of 1997 ESA Workshop, 1997, pp. 63-68 Sivan, L. , â€Å"Microwave Tube Transmitters – Microwave Technology Series 9-â€Å", Chapman amp; Hall, 1994 Matsumoto, H. , â€Å"Research on Solar Power Station and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan : Review and Perspectives†, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2002, pp. 36-45

Issues Surrounding Childhood Labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues Surrounding Childhood Labor - Essay Example Although not all the children get spoiled in child labor, most of them are deprived of their educational prospects. In developing countries that aim education to provide chiefly employment prospects, child labor plays a catastrophic role. The very essence of education is lost in such nations. The entire mass of children, adolescents and even adults get numbed to the health risks involved in child labor. The most unbearable but never spoken out tragedy is that the meager earnings and ‘the altogether changed life style’ veils their biological sufferings. The approaches of Governments in this regard vary from time to time and places. The main lacuna in attainment of the governments’ goal of reducing child labor in several countries is the employers’ ambition to get low cost production fueled by the poor peoples’ need for basic needs. Historians and thinkers view this issue of child labor vehemently against the practice. Their recordings of changes, cult and vision reveal that we have just begun the journey in the way of getting the practice eradicated. I have picked the following works to get a clear idea on how child labor had plagued throughout in America and other countries too. The author has expressed the magnitude of ill-effects of child labor in his preface itself by way of presenting the huge volume of child population that never came to the screen of data collectors’ endeavors. The blindness of fatty employers towards the pathetic plight of child laborers and the highly numb practices adopted both by the employers and parents are depicted by the author elucidating the full scenario of child labor. The author has admonished the practice of child labor and hinted the usage of the terms ‘legal employment’ and ‘illegal employment’ as a measure of simple quantification of the problem. But unfortunately legal employment has been misconstrued as a license to practice the ill. That

Discuss the conflicts and tensions between the expectations of Essay

Discuss the conflicts and tensions between the expectations of society, the aims of business and the roles of government as exemplified by the pharmaceutical in - Essay Example There are several areas upon which impact of these conflicting interest are greatly observable. In our case scenario, we take the pharmaceutical industry as our case model. However, our discussions will only be limited on the interrelations between outside factors namely government regulations and the expectations of society vis-Ã  -vis the internal management systems and responses of the company, especially in terms of labour and production. We will deal mostly on the aspects of labour and how it is affected by the business cycles and trends. Hence, we will focus more on the management aspects and less on the activities and developments of the pharmaceutical industries. Economic cycles can be viewed in terms of predictable long-term1 pattern of changes in the national income of a given country. Based on established patterns, we have a traditional business cycles which involves four stages namely expansion2, prosperity3, contraction4 and recession5. This is a cycle whereby at the end of the recession period, the expansion stage kicks-up again. During these economic stages, we can observe chain reactions in the different aspects of the business sector. Common characteristics in these cycle of events in the impact it has on the labour in terms of changing employments, the productivity where there may be more of less production depending on the cycle and the rise and fall of interest rates depending on the cycle involved.6 To illustrate this scenario, let us look back into our economic history. In the 1970s up to the 1980s, a steady rise of unemployment rates in Europe can be observed. This steady rise was then attributed to mostly to the demand and supply of labour force where it was perceived that supplied skills and expertise of labour did not match with the demand. Not only was there a mismatch in the supply and demand of labour, there was also a perceived discrepancy between wages

Impact of Working Time Directive on Employment Relations

Impact of Working Time Directive on Employment Relations Working Title: Enough Hours in the Day? The Impact of the working time directive on the regulation of employment relationships within the UK and France. Research Question: What is the working time directive? How does it purport to effect employment relationships? Will it be implemented in the United Kingdom? How does France deal with it? What are the reasons the UK have such a conservative approach? Literature Review: The review is centred on the Working Time Directive and thus will build on a direct reading of this from primary sources such as the copy on europa.eu.int, this will be complemented by secondary sources such as those of Cooke Hey (1998), Ramsey (1994) and the House of Lord’s Select Committee on the European Union’s response to the Working Time Directive. In attempting to build up a more sophisticated and rounded understanding of the ideas and theories that inform working time in general and the working time directive in particular I will use sources such as Figart Golden (2000), Fagan (2001) and direct readings of the reports of the European Commission on Working Time including the outcome of the current review of the Working Time Directive Opt-Out. A detailed critique with wider European policy will be effected in particular using commentaries on EC Law and it’s emphasis on trade and industry concerns. In reviewing the current situation within the UK I will use reviews of the Working Time Regulations 1998 in particular drawing on Christie (1998), the Income Data Service’s Guide to Working Time (2002) and Rankin et al. (1999)’s excellent guide to the operation of the Regulations within the UK and the changes that they brought to the existing law. I will then review the current position within France, there are numerous sites through which to do research, I can certainly use Figart Golden (2000)’s section on French Working Time and although slightly dated Carley (1991)’s review will help get an understanding of French policy and how it has changed towards working time. There are also numerous academic articles on the web such as those on the Transport News Network website (www.tnn.co.uk), French Law Sites such as www.triplet.com and articles by Sarfati (1999). Further research will be required on this issue in particular looking at pressure groups and governmental responses. In doing this I’ll try and use French language sites such as www.35hh.travail.gouv.fr , www.medef.fr and trade union sites. Obviously these will be supplementary and will require translation. In reviewing the policy objections of the UK to the abolition of the opt-out we will draw on primary sources such as the DTI ‘s recent consultation paper on Working Time (http://www.dti.gov.uk / er / work_time_regs /) as well as the work of pressure groups such as the TUC, Transport General Workers Union, Employer’s Organisation for Local Government and other major employers that would be effected by a change such as Alfred McAlpine. These will give me statistics and sophisticated points of view which I can then critically assess in light of more academic work on working time such as Articles by Christie (1998), Grisenthwaite (1997) and Wynn (2000). We will contrast these to the positive experience of the French in its implementation of a fixed working time week. A detailed critique of the two positions will be required with more academic sources from the journals and books will be required. Further research is required to uncover academic work on the policy arguments in France, whilst Sarfati (1999)’s arguments do shed some light on the issue there is most definitely a need for more detailed research. I believe that research into journals such as the International Company Commercial Law Review and the European Law Review will reveal more information about the arguments. This will be on top of the substantive law information I extract from the sources mentioned above. In concluding I will attempt to draw together the policy stances and implementation methods of the two countries to develop a more holistic understanding of whether there is significant social differences to justify the diversion or whether there can be a unified theory of working time that can be agreed not just in the European context but in the worldwide sense. There will need to be more research done on this issue along the avenues of looking at pressure groups in America (such as the Canadian / American ‘Take Back Your Time’ initiative) and other countries building on the work in Figart Golden (2000) Methodology: There will be some reviewing of primary sources but the work will be academic and theoretical and therefore will largely draw on scholastic secondary sources as I have detailed above. Bibliography: Carley, Mark Working time in Europe : the duration and flexibility of working time in 17 European countries from European Industrial Relations Review Eclipse Group / 1991 Cooke, Peter Hey, Liz – Implementation of the Working Time Directive 1998 ICCLR 164 Christie, David A Brief History of Working Time 1999 SLT 315 Fagan, Collette Gender, employment and working time preferences in Europe Office for Official Publications of the European Communities / 2001 Figart, Deborah Golden, Lonnie Working Time: International Trends, Theory Policy Perspective Routledge / 2000 Grisenthwaite, Michael – Time Runs out on the UK Government for implementing the ’48-hour working time directive† ’ 1997 ICCLR 107 House of Lords Select Committee on the European Union The Working Time Directive : a response to the European Commissions review The Stationery Office 2004 / 9th Session 2003/2004 Income Data Service Working Time 2002 / London: Income Data Service Ramsey, L – The Working Time Directive 1994 EurLR 528 Rankin, Claire, Phillips, Annelise Warren, Martin Working Time Regulations 1998 : a practical guide London Stationery Office / 1999 Sarfati, Hedva – The 35-hour week legislation hotly debated in France www.newwork.com Wynn, Michael Derogations In The Working Time Regulations 2000 CL 166 http://www.dti.gov.uk / er / work_time_regs /) www.tnn.co.uk www.triplet.com www.35hh.travail.gouv.fr www.medef.fr europa.eu.int Signed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9th June 2005 Date Rec’d.Supervisor:

View on Intellectual Property Rights :: essays research papers

Intellectual Property RightsA Through the years history has documented amazing men and women which have contributed much of their ideas to improving society. Intellectual Property Rights plays a vital role in not just safeguarding the individual to protect the use of their ideas from misuse but it was meant to promote inventiveness and creativity. Intellectual Property Rights has evolved with the emergence of new technologies its scope has grown and several factors including globalization of economies as well as changes in the way businesses operate and politicization of IPR issues have been factors influencing its direction. If one were to asses the Philippine setting it would appear that our progress is slow compared to our other neighbors. Our earliest record of laws on intellectual property rights dated back in 1947. We joined the World Organization (WIPO) in 1980 only after 10 years after it was established and our Intellectual Property code has only taken into effect during 1987. Furthermore the country is viewed as one of the nations that are weak in enforcing laws governing Intellectual Property. Resulting in Millions lost in revenue for corporations and the government in taxes. Consistent enforcement is critical because of the reality that there are people who do not respect the Intellectual property rights of others. The reason may vary from greed, lack of awareness, perceived necessity, criminal intent or even an innocent mistake. When illegal copies take market share or even kill a potential market the enforcement mechanisms become vital to not only protect the players and the entities but also the general public as well. Most of the industries that are affected include computer software, music, films, luxury goods and fashion, perfumes, books, watches, medicine among others. According to World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) the factors that influence the increase include a significant gap in the consumer purchasing power, inability to meet the market demand and emergence of new technologies making it easier to produce volumes of illegal copies at faster rate.

Animals in circus Essay

Is it normal for a bear to dance in a ball?, for an elephant to keep her weight in two legs?, or for a tiger jump through a ring of fire?, this is considered the worst feat that the animals have, actually we don’t realize it, circuses would quickly lose their appeal if more people knew about the cruel methods used to train the animals, instead, the circus makes us think that all of this methods are natural for them and they ‘’no suffer at all’’, at least this is what they said when they’re accused of mistreating this animals. Circus like Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Circus all of them are so hypocrites because they deny about what is evident, the abuse and the mistreating of the animals that they trap. According to PETA, thousand of these animals are used to perform silly, confusing tricks under the threat of physical punishment; are carted across the country in cramped and stuffy boxcars or semi-truck trailers; are kept chained or caged in barren, boring and filthy enclosures and are separated from their families, and all this suffer, all this pain, it’s for the sake of human ‘’entertainment’’, even many of these animals pay with their lives. The tricks that animals are forced to perform such as when bears balance on balls, apes ride motorcycles, and elephants stand on two legs are physically uncomfortable and behaviorally unnatural. The whips, tight collars, muzzles, electric prods, bullhooks, and other tools used during circus acts are reminders that the animals are being forced to perform. These â€Å"performances† teach audiences nothing about how animals behave under normal circumstances, they are being removed from their habitat, they don’t deserve that. Wild animals are meant to live free, they have every right to live their lives in freedom in their homeland, they haven’t committed any crime that justifies their imprisonment for life, their mistreatment, and their humiliation during the shows. Some circuses have chosen not to use animals: Australians â€Å"the Flying Fruit,† the Canadian â€Å"Cirque du Soleil†, the French â€Å"Les Colporteurs† Americans â€Å"Minimusâ⠂¬ , â€Å"Nuage†, â€Å"Hiccup† and many others, using the talent of the jugglers, trapeze artists, clowns, comedians, mimes, contortionists. This is the way to go, the only civilian.

Information About the Magic Mineral Shungite

Shungite is a hard, lightweight, deep black stone with a magic reputation that is well exploited by crystal therapists and the mineral dealers who supply them. Geologists know it as a peculiar form of carbon produced by metamorphism of crude oil. Because it has no detectable molecular structure, shungite belongs among the mineraloids. It represents one of Earths very first oil deposits, from deep in Precambrian time. Where Shungite Comes From The lands around Lake Onega, in the western Russian republic of Karelia, are underlain by rocks of Paleoproterozoic age, approximately 2 billion years old. These include the metamorphosed remains of a great petroleum province, including both the oil shale source rocks and bodies of crude oil that migrated out of the shales. Evidently, once upon a time, there had been a large area of brackish-water lagoons near a chain of volcanoes: the lagoons bred enormous numbers of one-celled algae and the volcanoes produced fresh nutrients for the algae and sediment that quickly buried their remains. (A similar setting is what produced the abundant oil and gas deposits of California during Neogene time.) Later in time, these rocks were subjected to mild heat and pressure that rendered the oil into almost pure carbon—shungite. Properties of Shungite Shungite looks like especially hard asphalt (bitumen), but its classified as a pyrobitumen because it does not melt. It also resembles anthracite coal. My shungite sample has a semimetallic luster, a Mohs hardness of 4, and a well-developed conchoidal fracture. Roasted over a butane lighter, it bursts into splinters and emits a faint tarry odor, but it does not easily burn. There is a lot of misinformation circulating about shungite. It is true that the first natural occurrence of fullerenes was documented in shungite in 1992; however, this material is absent in most shungite and amounts to a few percent in the richest specimens. Shungite has been examined at the highest magnification and found to have only vague and rudimentary molecular structure. It has none of the crystallization of graphite (or, for that matter, of diamond). Uses for Shungite Shungite has long been considered a healthful substance in Russia, where since the 1700s its been used as a water purifier and disinfectant just as we use activated carbon today. This has given rise over the years to a host of overstated and poorly supported claims by mineral and crystal therapists; for a sample just do a search on the word shungite. Its electrical conductivity, typical of graphite and other forms of pure carbon, has led to a popular belief that shungite can counteract the supposed harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation from things like cell phones. A producer of bulk shungite, Carbon-Shungite Ltd., supplies industrial users for more prosaic purposes: steelmaking, water treatment, paint pigments and fillers in plastic and rubber. All of these purposes are substitutes for coke (metallurgical coal) and carbon black. The company also claims benefits in agriculture, which may be related to the intriguing properties of biochar. And it describes the use of shungite in electrically conductive concrete. Where Shungite Gets Its Name Shungite gets its name from the village of Shunga, on the shore of Lake Onega.